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164 on the revolutions per minute for 75 revolutions; then automatically re- turns to zero for a fresh start. Thus the revolutions per minute are in- dicated accurately each 200 revolu- tions. The only error possible is in the time ele- ment of the clock. Even should the clock be extremely inaccurate as a timepiece, the error in time dur- ing 100 turns of the engine would, it is said, be altogether inappreciable. On the outer edge of the dial is marked, by the ship’s force, her speed in knots. This varies, of course, for each ship. It enables the engineer to know the speed the ship is traveling, without moving a finger to obtain the information. May Transfer Instrument The instrument for station may be quickly transferred to the bridge when running afloat.. In the center of this case, the engine log in- dicates the total distance traveled, the distance since the last setting and the total average revolutions of the engines. The navigator sets the small counter over “revolutions per knot” to the revo- lutions required to make one nautical mile. He thus establishes the correct ratio between propellers and _ hands. This may be changed as the speed in- creases or the bottom becomes foul, the navigator knowing at all times what settling to make under existing condi- tions, The white hand indicates total dis- tance traveled, and the black hand, the distance traveled since last setting. The “course” hand, used to determine the distance made on any course, may be set to zero upon passing any mark, without disturbing the white or “main” hand. The two small hands show tenths of miles, and, of course, make one revolution to each division covered by large hand. The small counter over “average revo- lutions” shows the total average revo- lutions made. The instruments are made to cover the wide range in revo- lutions per mile of a submarine, there being as much as 1,500 revolutions dif- ference in some cases from slow speed afloat to high speed submerged. The log is operated through a pipe connection to one indicator pump and controlled by a vacuum shut-off or cen- tury valve in the case with the engine room instruments. When the valve the navigating © THE MARINE REVIEW ENGINE ROOM INSTRUMENT WHICH SHOWS THE AVERAGE REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE, THE SPEED OF THE SHIP, ALSO THE RATE AT WHICH ONE PROPELLER MAY BE GAINING ON THE OTHER opens, a connection is made between the pump and log, causing a bellows in the log to contract, which in turn operates PORTABLE INSTRUMENT NAVIGATING OFFICER, FOR USE ON THE BRIDGE WHEN ABOVE WATER OR IN THE CONNING TOWER WHEN SUBMERGED FOR THE May, : the hands revolution cour 50. revolutions, valve shuts admits air to line, per mitti the instruments resume their no mal position. T complete cycle the valve is made each 100 averag revolutions, except on boats making over 400 revolu. tions per minute in which case 200 revolutions elapse between the successive openings of th shut-off or century valve. The stop-clock in this case is like the one in the engine room, except that it is tripped by the vacuum acting through the same pipe that controls the engine log, instead of being mechanically oper- ated. pands under pressure. running, operated by the shaft. so arranged that the log and clock may be operated from either pump, but this cross connection should never be leit open, because one engine may be run-— ning astern and the other ahead, or one may be at rest. If this connection were open, the pressure or vacuum would be The indicator contains a bellows — which contracts under vacuum and ex- — This contraction and expansion causes the hand to point to the position in which the shaft is : being controlled by a pump The piping is — mutually released and indicators at the navigating station would fail to operate, © Steamship Man Dies Joseph S. Raymond, 46 years old, vice president of the Clyde and Mallory steamship companies, died recently at his home in Essex Falls, N. J. Mr. Ray- mond was elected vice president of the company last November, following eight years of service as assistant general manager of the lines since their associa- tion. He was a member of the Rail- road Accounting Association and ~had served one term as chairman of that body. He was also a member of the American Association of Freight Traffic Officers and of the Apawamis Club. For several years before moving to Essex Falls Mr. Raymond had lived in New York. He was a native of Nova Scotia. Armour & Co. have bought the steam freighter IvANHokr, of 3,000 gross tons, for use between New York and for- eign ports. She is now loading pro- visions for Liverpool and will take a full cargo. it is figured the boat will pay for herself in eight or ten trips. At present freight rates