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July, 1916 within such safe harbor, she must still be considered as on her voyage and being navigated. The nine hours re- ferred to in the provision do not begin to run until the vessel has so come to anchor or has been made fast to a dock or pier within such safe harbor. “The department does not consider that a vessel navigating through the Soo canal is in a safe harbor. within the meaning of the said provision. The passing through the canal can only be considered as a necessary incident to, or a part of, the continuous voyage of the vessel”. Soo Canal Commerce The commerce of Lake Superior dur- ing May, as measured by the canals at Sault Ste. Marie, aggregated 12,293,476 tons; This is the heaviest traffic | for one month on record, and shows an in- crease of 4,944,909 tons over the move- ment of May, 1915, the gain being prin- -cipally in grain, iron ore, wheat and bituminum coal. Compared with 1915, the figures for May show an increase of 10,340,043 bushels in the movement of grain, 3,237,767 tons in the movement of ore, 24,065,906 bushels of wheat, and 827,105 net tons of bituminous coal. Following is the summary of freight passing through the canals up to June 1, 1916, with comparative data for last season: EAST BOUND To June 1, To June 1, 19 15s 1916. Copper, net: tons... ..:...:. 28,118 13,423 Grain, “bushels soc... 2+; 11,648,126 19,412,738 Bldg. stone, net tons... seeeelar elie SONNE Blown: barrels .5 cae 1,474,353 902,190 Iron ore, net tons...... 5,318,633 9,019,682 Pig iron; net tons... sy cae wee oe 8,292 Lumber, M. ft. B. M.. 57,266 36,047 Wheat, bushels ....... 29,761,321 58,195,320 Gen’! merch., net tons.. 53,392 24,337 Passengers, number.... 904 1,108 WEST BOUND Coal, anthracite, net tons 378,221 352,181 Coal, bitumin’s, net tons 1,397,902 2,581,150 10 Piotr; bartels’ 2 ee 0 205 Grain, bushels: ...°/332.<: Sart \0) 100 Mictd;. iron, net. tons.. 46,901 36,217 Tron: ore;--net “tons: . Ache Mvmslenate Salts: barrels. a siccsccsietera 147,301 179,882 Gen’l merch., net tons.. | 172,156 193,013 Passengers, number ... 620 697 SUMMARY OF TOTAL MOVEMENT. East bound, net tons.. 6,765,615 11,319,403 West bound, net tons... 2,017,687 3,189,435 8,783,302 14,508,838 Vessel passages, no.... 2,995 3,913 Regis. tonnage, net.... 7,280,091 11,518,848 May Lake Levels The United States Lake Survey re- ports the stages of the Great Lakes for the month of May, 1916, as follows: Lakes. Ft. above mean sea level. SYBEHIOE ore tie nacer a ee nie ee te eitigcceua 603.00 Machipansbnron:: i056 uci nea eens 580.49 PERV ON eet ie es ute Nes ees eatin: Bie erp tahinile cas 572.87 OTA RION Gos aie es Mare vas ape meataaeeRn 247.13 Lake Superior is 0.62 foot higher than last- month, 1.39 feet higher than a year ago, 1.14 feet above the average stage of May of the last 10 years, 0.05 foot below the high stage of May, 1861, and 2.18 feet above the low stage of May, 1911, During the last ten years the May level has averaged 0.3 foot higher than the April level and 0.3 foot lower than the June level. Lake Michigan-Huron is 0.57 foot higher than last month, 0.87 foot higher than a year ago, 0.08 foot below the average stage of May of the last 10 years, 3.03 feet below the high stage of May, 1886, and 0.93 foot above the low stage of May, 1896. During the last 10 years the May level has averaged 0.3 foot higher than the April level and 0.2 foot lower than the June level. Lake Erie is 0.45 foot higher than last month, 1.19 feet higher than a year SS SS Oy 4 \) SS vessels of all types, having an aggregate gross tonnage of A PPROXIMATELY 57 merchant about 116,724, were destroyed during the month of May as a result of the operations on the sea of the belligerent nations. This record represents a great falling off in losses, as compared with April, when about 90 ships of 214,880 gross tons were destroyed. The total losses to merchant shipping, arising from the war, as shown by data com- piled by The Journal of Commerce, in- cluding all ships destroyed to June 1, as reported by cable, has been about 1,276 vessels of more than 2,585,362 gross tons. That the total of tonnage lost is not ~ exaggerated is indicated by the fact that the tonnage of many vessels de- stroyed is not shown by maritime records, so that the total does not in- clude them. The month of May was marked by a transfer of the center of submarine activities, and hence of ship losses, from the North Sea and the northern Atlan- tic to the Baltic and Mediterranean seas. Losses during the early part of the month were frequent in the vicinity of England, but following the American note to Germany, there occurred an al- most complete cessation of losses in these waters, which did not, however, continue throughout the month. The losses in the Baltic were principally Ger- man ships, which were sunk by British and Russian submarines. In the Medi- terranean, Austrian submarines have been unusually active and, as a conse- quence, the neutrals of southern Europe suffered more heavily than the Scan- dinavian nations. The losses to German merchant ship- ping during May were heavier than for some months past, but the combined Teutonic losses have, so far, been less than those of either Allies or neutrals. Destruction of British shipping has been on the largest scale, while France stands War Gets 1,200 : THE MARINE REVIEW oy ago, 0.14 foot above the average stage of May of the last 10 years, 1.55 feet below the high stage of May, 1862, and 1.56 feet above the low stage of May, 1901. During the last 10 years the May level has averaged 0.3 foot higher than the April level and 0.1 foot lower than the June level. Lake Ontario is 0.73 foot higher than last month, 1.98 feet higher than a year ago, 0.33 foot above the average stage of May of the last 10 years, 1.82 feet below the high stage of May, 1870, and 2.17 feet above the low stage of May, 1872. During the last 10 years the May level has averaged 0.4 foot higher than the April level and 0.1 foot lower than the June level. second in tonnage lost. Germany ranks third and Norway fourth, while none of the other nations has lost as much as 100,000 gross tons. The following tables show the losses to allied, Teutonic and neutral shipping to date: ALLIED SHIPPING DESTROYED. Nation: Gross tons. Greaty’ Britain Soo ee 1,623,766 Brance cso ae a aoe Vee RANE "203.417 Taly occ eee sree ae 85,728 Russia oe oy eee ee 42,432 Belgium. 260 ee 25,858 japan 20 16,015 Totalic arc eas eee eae 1,997,216 NEUTRAL SHIPPING DESTROYED. Nation: Gross tons. INO Way Paine a oe Seeho mane 150,624 Holland 0.0 9 a, 84,934 Denmiarkisie yea eee a . 40,653 Sweden i ee 43,992 GreeCe ieee se eee eens eeteens 21,756 1 O21 Beas Sa PrR cS PET anurc en ean NS Si wey 1 United: States) ee 10,377 Totake conic oN er a een 369,176 TEUTONIC SHIPPING DESTROYED. Nation: Gross tons. Germany: 2 a ree ene a oe eee 177,615 DUPRE Y cite faucets en oi ane ee nee 18,150 Austria-Hungary ......... 2 geen ; 17,478 otal. ii a ae Geek iene rca ae 213,243 Total losses of each nation to date, com: pared with the number of ships and amount of tonnage making up the merchant marine of that country, are shown in the following table. Brazil, which has lost only a single ‘ship, is not included: Steam and sail’g Gross tons vessels of sail and owned accord- steam ves- ing to Lloyd’s sels destroyed register book, in war, 1915-1916. (22 months). Flag. No. Tons. No. Tons. Un. Kingdom. 9,285 19,541,364 743 1,623,766 Brit. colonies. 2,068 1,732,700 1 3,464 SU She 2,580 + 3,522,913 6 105347 Austro-Hungary 433 1,018,210 8 17,478 Danish: a2 tos 835 854,966 39 40,653 Dutch oe 809° 1,522,547 39 84,934 French cvcnste 1,539 2,285,728 79° 203.417 Germans soe 2,166 4,706,027 13 177,615 Ttaliane>. 1,177. 1,736,545 41 85,728 tJapanese .... 1,155 1,826,029 3 16,015 Norwegian ... 2,174 2,529,188 110 150,624 Russian saes = 1,256 1,054,762 37 42,432 Spanish scarce 642 899,204 9 16,840 Swedish: ci, 1,462 1,122,883 43." 43,992 *Excluding vessels trading on the Great Lakes of North America. +Japanese sailing vessels are not inserted in Lloyd’s Register Year Book, and are there- fore. not included in these tables.