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378 ; THE MARINE REVIEW completely submerged. Also there is a very interesting chapter on the motive power used in submarines. The various systems of propulsion are de- scribed and compared, the advantages and disadvantages of each being dis- cussed. Submarine warfare and the important position occupied in it by HE Great Lakes have nurtured many romantic careers, and among them none have more elements of interest than that of Capt. Alexander McDougall, “the man who built the whaleback.” Although well along in years Capt. McDougall is as active as ever and is now a resident of Duluth. The idea of the whaleback was to attain maximum carrying capacity, com- bined with inherent qualities which would make the vessel impervious to wind. What this strange design has attained in this direction is a matter of record for all time in shipping annals. In 1892, before the larger St. Law- rence canals were built, three of his large whaleback boats were sent to sea, to cross the Atlantic. Later some of them found their way to the Pacific coast. As no pilot could be found to take them down from the Great Lakes to tidewater, Capt. McDougall under- took to learn the work, and safely ran out the vessels. Before the deep, wide channels to Lake Superior were con- structed, he built 40 whaleback vessels. Later, when it was made possible for all classes of vessels to travel to and from Lake Superior, the clamshell system for loading and unloading iron ore and coal was introduced. As the rounded deck of the whaleback was not so well suited for the clamshell, the whaleback construction was _ stopped, but the vessels are still to be seen doing good work. Among sailors along the lakes they are familiarly dubbed “hogs.” The Christopher Columbus Among Capt. McDougall’s greatest achievements was a whaleback passenger vessel built for the Chicago world’s fair, with a guarantee that she would be launched within three months, make 20 miles an hour, and be able to take on or unload 5,000 passengers inside five min- utes. This guarantee was carried out. In fact, over 7,000 persons were allowed on board on the trial trip, probably the largest number of people ever on one vessel. During 1893, at the worlds fair, CHRISTOPHER CoLUMBUS, as the vessel is called, carried 1,700,000 people. After the fair she entered on a long career as an excursion boat between Chicago \lexander the torpedo forms the subject matter of three chapters, while the remainder of the book is devoted to a descrip- tion of tenders and salvage ships, a list of the accidents which have occurred in connection with the sub- marine, and a short chapter on sub- marine mines. and Milwaukee, her government allow- ance being fixed at the enormous num- ber of 4,000 people. , After the East- LAND disaster she demonstrated her sta- bility by successfully undergoing a re- markable careening test. Capt. McDougall has had an extra- ordinary career. He had been sailor, mate, pilot, captain, contracting steve- dore, vessel agent, and steamship line manager. He has helped to plan and build, for the Great Lakes, the Mississ- ippi river, and the Atlantic and Pacific THE MAN WHO BUILT THE WHALEBACK coasts, more than 100 ships, worth over $8,000,000. He is also the author of an extremely interesting and authorita- tive report upon freight vessels and navigation on the Mississippi river, which he prepared for a commission of United states engineers who were look- - ing, in 1911, for boat plans to meet the special difficulties of that capricious waterway. Previous to this he had built one steamer and two barges, all steel vessels at a total cost of $125,914, for work bn the Mississippi river; and in 1900 these were loaded with the largest cargoes that ever went down that river. These cargoes were successfully delivered at New Orleans at half the rate. of in- surance for both ship and cargo that any vessel had ever obtained on that river. November, 1916 Exemptions Continued Being desirous that no change be made in the American registry act of Aug. 18, 1914, representatives of shipping interests were successful jn their pleas before former Assistant Secretary of Commerce Sweet that the act be extended another year, Mr. Sweet caused the petitions of the shippers to. be laid before President Wilson with the result that the latter has issued an order in compliance with their request. The act was passed because of conditions following the outbreak of war. and was to remain in effect two years, but will be con- tinued for another year, as the result of the executive order. It -waives the application of domestic laws as to the survey, inspection and measure- ment of foreign-built vessels taking out American registry. The order also suspends the law prescribing that the watch officers of vessels of the United States registered for foreign trade shall be citizens of the United States until such time as the officers can become naturalized Americans. The petitioning shipping interests included the United States Steel Products Co., the United Fruit Co,, the . Standard Oil Co. -and= Barger Kirlin, admiralty lawyer, New York. A High Price : The steamer Surrotx, owned by the Coastwise Transportation Co., Boston, has been chartered for five years to a Philadelphia concern at an annual rate of $500,000, according to a recent an- nouncement. The rate is believed by marine brokers to be the highest on record for a vessel of her size over such a term of years. Surrotk will be employed in carrying coal from Phila- delphia to South America, returning with manganese ore. Ore Receipts : Ore receipts at Lake Erie ports dur- ing September amounted to 7,871,591 gross tons, out of a total shipment by lake from the Lake Superior region of 9,600,786 tons. as follows: September, Port: P9016, Bitialar eno ay ee ee 1,039,646 PO ee ia cain coo o oh 202,179 Conreauts io. fe en ene 1,399,508 ASMbab Ulan 2.0 0) Sk OS eae 1,880 508 Paha. os ks. cv eky ee 349,331 Cleveland sr. 6 oe so eC 1,707,268 Women ae lec ee 715,960 Ish yea} shay ae em eine aan tape Se Ken I 271,781 ANONECO ria Oca a hile a Rr cee 254,779 Metnolte: cai css ee ee eee 50,591 —— Motel Pees hc ha tac ee ee 7,871,551 After being in commission for 5 years, the revenue cutter WooDBURY, launched in Philadelphia in 1864, has been sold, converted into a schooner barge and renamed Laxsco. Receipts by ports were