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$2.00 PER YEAR. ESTABLISHED 1878. 10c. VOL. XVII. CLEVELAND, OHIO, APRIL 12, 1894. Lake Carriers’ ASsociaTION. To consider and take action upon all general questions relating to the navigation and carrying business of the Great Lakes, maintain necessary shipping offices and in general to protect the common interest of Lake Car- ~ riers, and improve the character of the service rendered to the public. PRESIDENT: JAMES CORRIGAN, SOEs SECRETARY: CuHarces If. Keep, - - TREASURER: Georce P. McKay, - Cleveland, Ohio. COUNSEL: Harvey D. GouLpeEr, -- Cleveland, Ohio. VICE PRESIDENTS: Cleveland, Ohio. Buffalo, N. Y. E. M. Peck, Detroit. Gerorce G. HapD.ery, Toledo. WASHINGTON BuLLarp, Buffalo. H. A. Hawcoop, Cleveland. J. S. DunHaM, Chicago. James McBrirr, Frie. A. B. Wo tvin, Duluth. AVID VANCE, Milwaukee. C. A. Eppy, Bay City. F. J. Firtu, Philadelphia. BOARD OF MANAGERS: S. D. Caldwell, Buffalo, N: Y. E, M, Peck, Detroit, Mich, Peter P. Miller, Buffalo, N. Y. DiC: Whitney, Detroit, Mich, E. T. Evans, Buffalo, N. Y. H, S, Hodge, Detroit, Mich, ames Ash, Buffalo, N. Y. A_A, Parker, Detroit, Mich, V. Bullard, Buffalo. N.Y. J. L. ‘Higgie, Chicago, II. J. J. H. Brown, Buffalo, N.Y. Jesse Spaulding, Chicago, Ill. John Gordon, Buffalo, N. Y. J. S, Dunham, Chicago, III, ohn Rice, Buffalo, N. Y. ohn Keith, Chicago, Ill, ff. M, Drake, Buffalo, N. Y. a Austrian, Chicago, Ill, W. P. Henry, Buffolo, N. Y. W. R. Owen, Chicago, Ill, Edward Smith, Buffalo, N. Y. C, W. Elphicke, Chicago, Ill, James McKenzie, Buffalo, N. Me W.M., Egan, Chicago, III. Thomas Wi!son, George G Hadley, Toledo, Ohio. M.A. Bradley, ~ Cleveland, Ohio, W,S. Brainard, Toledo, Ohio. James Corrigan, Cleveland, Ohio. L, S. Sullivan, Toledo, Ohio. H Hanna, Cleveland, Ohio. A.W, Colton, Toledo, Ohio: George P, McKay, Cleveland, Ohio. H. G. Dalton, Cleveland, Ohio. Harvey H. Brown, Cleveland, Ohio. Ree W. Moore, Cleveland, Ohio. L Eenningtoe, Cleveland, Ohio. W. J. White, Cleveland, Ohio. David Vance, Henry A. Hawgood, Cleveland, Ohio. R. P. Fitzgerald, W.C. Richardson, Cleveland, Ohio. J, C, Ricketsun, Je C2 Gilchrist, Cleveland, Ohio. Conrad Stark, WwW Rees, Cleveland, Ohio. James Davidson, Charles A, Eddy. O. W. Blodgett, F. W. Wheeler, Alex, McDougall, Bay City, Mich. Bay City, Mich. Bay City, Mich. Bay City, Mich. Duluth, Minn, Milwaukee, Wis. Milwaukee, Wis. Milwaukee, Wis. Milwaukee, Wis. John Mitchell, Cleveland, Ohio. R.R. Rhodes, « Cleveland, Ohio. Caleb E. Gowen, Cleveland, Ohio. ames W. Millen, Detroit, Mich. W. Livingstone, Jr., Detroit, Mich, David Carter, Detroit, Mich, F, W. Gilchrist, Alvin Neal, W. EE, Chapman, Frank J, Firth, Frank Owen, Ogdensburg, N. Y, COMMITTEE ON FINANCE: H, M, Hanna, Cleveland, Ohio, H. H. Brown, Cleveland, Ohio. D, C. Whitney, W. P, Henry, Alpena, Mich, Port Huron, Mich. C, T. Morley, Marine City, Mich. Sandusky, Ohio. ° Philadelphia, Pa. Detroit, Mich, Buffalo, N, Y. James Corrigan, Cleveland, Ohio. H, A. Hawgood, Cleveland, Ohio, Thomas Wilson, Cleveland, Ohio. R. P, Fitzgerald, Milwaukee, Wis. M.A. Bradley, Cleveland, Ohio, John G, Keith, Chicago, Ill. lect Gilchrist, Cleveland, Ohio. J.S. Dunham, Chicago, Ill, ine M. Peck, Detroit, Mich, COMMITTEE ON AIDS TO NAVIGATION: . H, Brown, Buffalo, N, Y, avid Vance, Milwaukee, Wis, David C, Carter, Detroit, Mich. W. M, Ezan, Chicago, III, H. S. Hodge, Detroit, Mich. Frank Owen, Ogdensburg, N. Y. George P, McKay,Cleveland, Ohio. A. W. Colton, Toledo, Ohio. H. G. Dalton, Cleveland, Ohio, James Davidson, Bay City, Mich, B. L. Pennington, Cleveland, Ohio. Alvin Neal, Port Huron, Mich, W, C. Richardson,Cleveland, Ohio, E. T. Evans, Buffalo, N. Y. Thomas Wilson,- Cleveland, Ohio, Washington Bullard, Buffalo, N, Y. John W, Moore, Cleveland, Ohio, COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION: S.D. Caldwell, Buffalo, N, Y, Wm, Livingstone, Jr., Detroit, Mich, — Ash, Buffalo, N. Y. ames Millen, Detroit, Mich, . T, Evans, Buffalo, N. Y. esse Spaulding, Chicago, Ill, P,P, Miller, Buffalo, N. Y. C. A. Eddy, Bay City, Mich, doen Gordon, Buffalo, N. Y, Alex, McDougall, Duluth, Minn, ash, Bullard, Buffalo, N. Y, Ww. Ss. Brainard, Toledo, Ohio, H,. M. Hanna, Cleveland, Ohio. F. ai Firth, Philadelphia, Pa, James Corrigan, Cleveland, Ohio. COMMITTEE ON INSURANCE: W.S. Mack, Cleveland, Ohio, as Rice, Buffalo, N, Y. H. AY Hawgood, Cleveland, Ohio. dward Smith, Buffalo, N, Y. . C. Gilchrist, Cleveland, Ohio. W.S., Brainard, Toledo, Ohio, -T.Hutchinson, Cleveland, Ohio. W. M, Egan, Chicago, Ill. A. A. Parker, Detroit, Mich, A NEW CANAL PROJECT. A scheme to connect Lake Washington, a deep body of fresh water 21 miles long and 3 miles wide, with Puget Sound, near the city of Seattle, Wash., has been advanced by ex-Governor Eugene Semple, of Seattle. A project to connect the same bodies of water, hereto- fore formulated by the U. S. Engineers, has attracted considerable attention on account of being discussed in connection with the Puget Sound naval station, and also on account of being before Congress for appropria- tions. Of the the two projected routes, the circuitous one, which follows natural depressions, is the govern- ment project. The plan of Mr. Semple involves cutting through a hill, which at one point is 300 feet high, the material obtained to be used in filling up certain tide lands approximate to the cut. These tide lands belong to the state, and a bill was passed last winter allowing them to be mortgaged in the interest of the canal. One peculiarity of this billis that it allows the.actual cost. of the work, with 15% profit, to be charged against the lands, thus practically eliminating the element of hazard from the undertaking. The only question, of course, would be whether the lands were valuable enough to stand the charge. The canal would run through the tide lands, with a _ width of 800 feet for a distance of 6,150 feet, thence with a width of 300 feet for a distance of 5,750 feet. At this point there are to be locks with a lift of 32 feet from extreme low tide. Here the canal proper begins and runs to the lake, with a width on the bottom of 80 feet, a distance of 10,250 feet. ‘The material in the tide land section, 7,241,037 cubic yards in amount, is glacial silt and can be readily handled by hydraulic dredges. The material in the hill section, 21,685,000 cubic yards in amount, is gravel, sand, boulders and joint clay, which can be handled, in part by sluicing, and in part by steam shovels and trains. To impound the material, 48,430 lin. feet of bulkheading will be required. The material will fillto above the leve! of high tide about 1,400 acres of land.. The area available to be filled, and which is thought to be of sufficient value to stand the charge, is about 2,000 acres. The value of the lands that will be created is estimated at an average of $15,- 000 an acre, and the cost of the fill at less than one- third of that. A water power station of 2,000 HP. and a drydock, operated by gravity, with a capacity to dock a vessel drawing 28 feet, will be constructed at the out- let of the canal proper. The city of Seattle, in whose harbor these improvements are contemplated, is the commercial metropolis of the state of Washington and has a present population of 67,000. es STRONGER SHAFTS NEEDED. The weak point in the modern North Atlantic steamer as developed by the competition in the ‘‘greyhound’’ line, appears to be the propeller shaft; and this is the particular object to which engineering inventive skill should address itself. That ashaft cau be made which would be capable of withstanding any strain, will not be doubted by scientific minds; and if it be possible in the scientific sense it should be attainable practically. Success would not only insure great profit to the inven- tor of such a shaft, but by its use the ocean steamers would be relieved from an ever-present source of dan- ger. ° TT © a ¢ Gee — THE CANADIAN SAULT CANAL. The original contract for the Sault Ste. Marie Canal provided for locks 600 feet in length by 85 feet in width, with 16 feet 3 inches of water on the mitre sill, the time allowed for the completion of the work being from No- vember 20,1888, to May 10, 1892. In the early part of 1891, upon representations being made on the import- ance’of increasing the depth of water in the canal and the dimensions of the locks to 650 feet by 100 feet, nego- tiatiofis were had with the contractors, resulting in an agreement dated June 13, 1891, by which the time for completion of the work was extended to May 10, 1893. In the early part of 1892 it was decided to further in- crease the size of the lock to 900 feet by 69 feet and the depth of water to 20 feet 3 inches, and the contractors undertook to make the chance and complete the work by December 31, 1894. But in 1892 it was considered im- portant to have the canal completed in the summer of 1894, and an agreement was entered into on November 8, 1892, whereby the contractors undertook to complete the masonry by December 31, 1893. The first stone in the ‘constructio.1 of the lock was laid September 15, 1892. In consideration of additional work involved in changes made in the dimensions of the lock, the time ‘for the completion of contract has been extended to June 30, 1894. el 6-0 iin A RAI si, A SUBMARINE SENTRY. C. A. Stevenson, a Philadelphia expert, has been - making experiments for locating the positions of yes- sels at harbor entrances, when during certain stages of the weather, other observations cannot be made. He proposes that a cable might be laid down in the sea, and, by changing the electric state of the cable, vessels passing near or over it might be able, by means of a. detector on board, to discover that they were in its vicinity. Some experiments showed the method to be feasible, since the sea offers no insurmountable diffi- culty, and he has constructed two instruments which will act through 180 feet of water. The first instrument is a coil of uninsulated copper wire rope dipping into the water at the bow of the boat, anda similar water connection at the stern. If these are joined by a wire with a telephone on the circuit it will be found that, even without an induction of coil or other arrangement to magnify the effect, a very sensi-. tive instrument is produced, and that, when the wires from bow to stern of the boat are at right angles, or nearly so, to a cable laid in the water at some, distance from it, the sounds produced by a magneto- -electric machine connected to one hole of the machine are audi- ble in the telephone.. If the water connections, are equidistant from the cable, as they would be if the boat. were immediately over the top of it, or lying broadside side on, no sound is heard. The action takes place when the coils in the water are insulated. The cable j also may be insulated or uninsulated. The action is similar with an induction coil, and will also act if the potential of the cable is charged and is then kept so. With the coils separated ten feet at the bow, and stern of asmall boat put down from the vessel, and an in- sulated wire 400 feet in length, laid through a small lake of brakish water 15 feet deep, the alterations pro- duced by the bobbins of a magneto-electric machine were perfectly distinct at the end of the lake 340 feet away from the wire, and the limit of audibility could not be ascertained. determine the law of the falling off of the intensity of sound with the increase of the distance from the cable for a given fixed distance between the water connec- tions, as well as to deterimine the law of increase of in- tensity for any increase of distance between the bow and stern connections for a given fixed distance from the cable. Mr. Stevenson’s second instrument is a coil of in- sulated wire surrounding a core (that is, an electro-mag-. net with a telephone in the circuit of this coil). With this instrument the making and breaking of thecurrant produced through a wire 200 feet in length could be detected through 60 feet of sult water. When sunk. in water the sound seems just as loud. He is of opinion that the action of the instrument censists in the break, if broken sufficiently rapidly, inducing a current of the coil, which the core immediately. The sound of a Bell telephone with the instrument was almost deafening with 15 feet of water. This electro- magnet system of induction, in contradistinction to the parallel wire system, has no earth connection, being entirely insulated, and must therefore be a case of true induction through water. intensifies SINGLE COPY. NO. 15 Further trials will be necessary to