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Ao (el $2.00 PER YEAR. ESTABLISHED 1878. 10c. SINGLE COPY. VOL. XVII. CLEVELAND, OHIO, MAY 3, 1894. NO. 18 Lake Carriers’ Association. To consider and take action upon all general questions relating to the navigation and carrying business of the Great Lakes, maintain necessary shipping offices and in general to protect the common interest of Lake Car- riers, and improve the character of the service rendered to the public. PRESIDENT: James CORRIGAN, - - Cleveland, Ohio. SECRETARY: Cuartes H. Kezp, - - Buffalo, N. Y. TREASURER: GrorGe P. McKay, - Cleveland, Ohio. COUNSEL: Harvey D. GouLpeEr, - Cleveland, Ohio. VICE PRESIDENTS: E. M. Peck, Detroit. Gerorce G. HaDLey, Toledo. WASHINGTON BULLARD, Buffalo. H. A. Hawooop, Cleveland. J. S. DunHam, Chicago. ies McBrigr, 4 Frie. A. B. Wo vin, Duluth. AVID VANCE, Milwaukee. C. A. Eppy, Bay City. F. J. Firtu, Philadelphia. COMMITTEE ON FINANCE: H, M, Hanna, Cleveland, Ohio, D, C. Whitney, Detroit, Mich, H. H. Brown, Cleveland, Ohio, W.P, Henry, Buffalo, N, Y. James Corrigan, Cleveland, Ohio. . H, Brown, Buffalo, N.Y, H. A. Hawgood, B Cleveland, Ohio, Thomas Wilson, avid Vance, Milwaukee, Wis, Cleveland, Ohio. R. P. Fitzgerald, Milwaukee, Wis. M.A. Bradley, Cleveland, Ohio, John G, Keith, Chicago, II, J. C, Gilchrist, Cleveland, Ohio. J.S. Dunham, Chicago, Ill, E, M. Peck, Detroit, Mich, COMMITTEE ON AIDS TO NAVIGATION: David C, Carter, Detroit, Mich. W.M, Egan, Chicago, III, H.S. Hodge, Detroit, Mich. Frank Owen, Ogdensburg, N. Y, George P, McKay,Cleveland, Ohio. A. W. Colton, Toledo, Ohio. H. G. Dalton, Cleveland, Ohio, James Davidson, Bay City, Mich, B. L. Pennington, Cleveland, Ohio, Alvin Neal, Port Huron, Mich, W., C. Richardson,Cleveland, Ohio, E. T. Evans, Buffalo, N. Y. Thomas Wilson, Cleveland, Ohio, John W, Moore, Cleveland, Ohio, COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION: Washington Bullard, Buffalo, N, Y. S. D. Caldwell, Buffalo, N.Y. Wm, Livingstone, Jr., Detroit, Mich, tas Ash, Buffalo, N. Y. ames Millen, Detroit, Mich, . T, Evans, Buffalo, N. Y. esse Spaulding, Chicago, Ill, P, P,; Miller, Buffalo, N. Y. C. A, Eddy, Bay City, Mich, yone Gordon, Buffalo, N. Y.- Alex, McDougall, Duluth, Minn, ash, Bullard, Buffalo, N, Y, W.S. Brainard, Toledo, Ohio, H,. M. Hanna, Cleveland, Ohio. F. J. Firth, Philadelphia, Pa, James Corrigan, Cleveland, Ohio. COMMITTEE ON INSURANCE: W.S. Mack, Cleveland, Ohio, John Rice, Buffalo, N, Y. H, A. Hawgood, Cleveland, Ohio. Edward Smith, Buffalo, N, Y, J. C. Gilchrist, Cleveland, Ohio. W.S., Brainard, Toledo, Ohio, j.T.Hutchinson, Cleveland, Ohio, W, M, Egan, Chicago, IIl, A. A. Parker, Detroit, Mich, FREE REPORTING PRIVILEGES. The Weather Bureau has made arrangements to give vessel owners the free use of the telephone lines to Thunder Bay Island, Lake Huron. Those wishing to avail themselves of the privileges must communicate their wishes to the chief signal oflicer at Detroit, who will thereupon instruct the observer at Alpena to obtain all information and render any assistance possible re- garding the vessels of the applicant. Itis only neces- sary for owners to once have their addresses registered at Alpena. They are then at liberty to apply to the ob- server at that place at any time. EET ELECTRIC LIGHTING CHANNELS. Capt. W.S. Schley, U. S, N., and Lieutenant Com- mander C. H. West, U. S. N., of the Light-House Estab- lishment, recently visited Mobile, Ala., to considera plan for electrically lighting twenty-five miles of the dredged channel through Mobile Bay by submarine cables. The channel, although permitting vessels of twenty feet draft to pass from Mobile to the Gulf of Mexico, is at present insufficiently lighted for night navigation. rr oe a IRON ORE PRODUCTION. Reports received at the geological survey from twen- ty three states and two territories give a total production of 11,507,607 long tons of iron ore in 1893. This amount is smaller than that recorded for any year since 1887, and is a decrease of almost 29 per cent. over 1892. No increase is evident in any of the states producing over 100,000 tons of iron ore, except in Minnesota, where, owing to the development of the Mesaba range and the completion of transportations facilities, the output in- creased about 250,000 tons, and in Colorado, where, owing to the production of larger amounts of pig iron locally, about 30,000 tons more in iron were required than were consumed in 1892. The proportionate decline of iron ore production during the year was greatest in Michigan, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania and New York. 8 eo OR NEW TONNAGE. The lake built vessels to which official numbers were assigned by the Bureau of Navigation, Treasury De- partment, during the week ended April 21 areas follows: Steam vessels: Harvey H. Brown, Detroit, Mich., built at Wyandotte; net tonnage, 1,874; gross tonnage, 2,674 tons. B. Campbell, Grand Haven, Mich., built at Charlevoix; gross tonnage, 59. Myrtie, Buffalo, N. Y.; 25 tons gross. —_—__ EE <a + ir MEASURING A MILLIONTH OF A DEGREE. Professor Langley, of the Smithsonian Institution, has brought his bolometer to a state of high perfection. This instrument is a fine wire through which a current of electricity is kept flowing. The resistance of the wire varies with the temperature, and hence the strength of the current also varies. By measuring the current, therefore, the temperature of the wire can be ascer- tained. In the latest and most delicate form the wire is 1-500 inch wide and 1-5000 inch thick, and a difference of temperature amounting to 1-1,000,000 degree centi- grade can be perceived. rr om TO FIND THE ANGLE OF HEEL. For many years the Bureau of Navigation, and after- ward the Bureau of Equipment, have been in search of an efficient and simple instrument for accurately show- ing theroll and heel of aship inasea way. The pendu- Iums and other devices have not come up to the requirements, and lately the Department has been experimenting “with several of the so-called “liquid clinometers,’’ or substitutes for the pendulum. Thus far the question seems almost as far from solution as ever, but American ingenuity will, itis hoped, eventu- ally surmount the problems and give the navy an instru- ment capable of filling the bill. rrr? + SUBMARINE PHOTOGRAPHY. The art of photographing objects under water is one of the latest achievements of science. For years the leading photographers of this country and Europe have been endeavoring to perfect some contrivance which would enable them to take photographs, instantaneous and otherwise, in any depth of water. For some time the art of photographing in calm weather at a depth of from fiften to twenty feet has been successfully prac- ticed, but some better plan was desired, especially by the scientific photographers. This ‘‘long felt want”’ has been supplied by Prof. Louis Boutan, of Paris. His apparatus consists of a magnesium lamp and an oxygen cask. The cask is filled with oxygen just before being lowered, the lamp hanging by a special attach- ment at the top of the vessel. A receptacle containing magnesium in powder is connected with the lamp in such a manner that the powder can be thrown across the alcoholic flame by an automatic bellows. Some of Boutan’s photographs which were takes at a depth of 5.000 feet with this apparatus have been shown. They are of course wholly without a background, a defect however which photographers say can be easily remedied. LLOYD’S REGISTER SHIPBUILDING RETURNS. FOR THE QUARTER ENDED 31ST MARCH, 1894. From the returns compiled by Lloyd’s Register of Shipping, it appears that, excluding war ships, there were 414 vessels of 725,208 tons gross under construction in the United Kingdom at theclose of the quarter ended 31st March, 1894. The particulars of the vessels in ques- tion are as follows, similar details being given for the corresponding period in 1893, for the purpose of com- parison: : DRocha PTOI: 31st Mar. ,1894|31st Mar.1893 No Gross Ton.| No. {Gross Ton, STEAM Steeles ss ee te es 316 | 658,601 | 236 | 531,444 ROT sie ee cine een eee cea tes eS) 3,857 20 3,469 Composite and Wood....... 5 938 7 378 ~ Total... .....+++.+.+++++4+1 346 | 663,396 | 263 | 535,291 SAIL 2 Steele les oon ae 32 58,132 51 82,525 TRO Mei eck he aa a cores 3 645 2 465 Composite and Wood....... 33 3,035 | 38 3,387 i Brot es W betes ppm win Mn erent ate 68 61,812 91 86,377 Total Steam and Sail..} 414 | 725,208 | 354 621,668 The present returns of steamers under construction exceed those of the previous quarter by about 85,000 tons, and are the largest received since March, 1891. On the other hand, the returns of sailing vessels are slightly lower than last quarter’s, and are the smallest since September, 1888. Of the tonnage under construction in the United Kingdom at the end of March, excluding that being built for foreign and colonial owners, over 92 per cent. was under the supervision of the surveyors of Lloyd’s Register with a view to classification by that society. Of the total vessels under construction in the United King- dom, 357 of 645,548 tons (or approaching 90 per cent. of the tonnage) were tunder the society’s supervision. In addition to the foregoing, 15 vessels of 25,925 tons are reported as building abroad with a view to classifica- tion in Lloyd’s Register Book. The returns of vessels “‘preparing”’ (¢. ¢2., ordered but not commenced), exceed those for the previous quarter by 95,000 tons, and are, especially as regards steamers, exceptionally high. So large a steam tonnage has, in fact, not been reported since the 31st of December, 1889. OWNERSHIP OF VESSELS UNDER CONSTRUCTION. (WARSHIPS : EXCLUDED.) The following list apportions the vessels now under construction in the United Kingdom to the countries for which they are being built: United Kingdom, 298; 574, 167 tons. British Colonies, 5; 3,000 tons. Austria, 2; 2,640 tons. Bulgaria, 2; 2,110 tons. China, 1; 2,500 tons. Denmark, 1; 2,500 tons. Egypt, 1; 550 tons. France, 6; 5,420 tons. Germany, 8; 20,669 tons. Greece, 1; 125 tons. Holland, 4; 11,730 tons. Italy, 1, 3,060 tons. Japan, 1; 3,090 tons. Norway, 5; 12,520 tons. Russia, 16; 14,182 tons. South America, 1; 2,400 tons. Spain, 1; 1,745 tons. Turkey, 2; 488 tons. United States of America, 1; 514 tons. For sale or nationality of owners not stated, 57; 61,698 tons. ‘Total, 414; 725,208 gross tons. WORK IN HAND IN PRINCIPAL, DISTRICTS. Clyde, 130; Tyne, 70; Middisboro’ and Stockton, 70; Wear, 47; Mersey, 5; Hartlepool and Whitby, 19; Belfast and Londonderry, 14; Total number, 355 vessels, having a gross tonnage of 670,203. There are also building 49 warships, having a total displacement of 122,865 tons, not including a recent order for eleven torpedo boat destroyers placed with several shipbuilding firms. Four war vessels of 9,370 tons displacement are also building for foreign account and for sale.