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IN THE ENGINE ROOM. — BOILER EVAPORATION. The amount of steam that a boiler:can evaporate de. pends mainly on the amount of coal that can be burned under it. If the draft you are using will permit you to burn no more than 15 pounds of coal per square foot of grate, and at that rate the coal will evaporate no more than 9 pounds of water per pound of coal, then the greatest amount of steam you can make per square foot of grate per hour is 9 x 15135 pounds, and the greatest amount of steam your boiler can generate is 135 multi- plied by the grate surface. If you have forced draft the conditions wiil be different. You can burn more per hour, but probably with a decreased evaporation per pound of coal. At all events you can determine in this way the maximum amount of steam that your boilet can evaporate in a given time, under the most severe conditions to which it cau be subjected. The number of pounds of steam that will flow through an orifice of one square inch in a second may be found by dividing the absolute pressure by 70, and the area nec_ cessary to discharge the steam as fast as it is made will be found by multiplying the maximum weight of steam that can be generated per second, by the absolute pres- sure and dividing by 70. The area afforded for the escape of steam depends as much upon the lift as the diameter of the valve. For a flat seat the area of opening is the lift multiplied by the diameter and by 3.1416, and would only be equal to the area of the valve when the lift was one-quarter of the diameter. For beveled seats the cal- culation is more complicated and can- not be gone intohere. Enough has been said to point out the limitation of the ordinaryrule as given.—Power. BAY CITY M. E. B. A. ° Newly elected officers of the Bay City Marine Engineers’ Beneficial Association are: President, Ll. C. Schwall; vice-president, Thomas W. Graham; record-ing secretary, Henry Montaigne; financial secretary, N. P. Slater; corresponding secretary, J. A. Braman; treasurer, Louis Gelenas; cotiductor, J. L. Wiley; chap-lain, Charles E. Harman; inside doorkeeper, C. G. Pierce; trustees, N. P. Slater, Louis Schwall, Thomas Graham; rep- resentative, J. A. Braman. AN ENGINEERS’ BILL. An important bill has been intro- duced by Representative Hopkins, of Illinois. It is entitled, ‘‘A bill to amend Section 4131 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, to im- prove the merchant marine engineer service, and there- by also to increase the efficiency of the naval reserve.” The section referred to is amended to read as follows: “Se, 4131. Vessels registered pursuant to law, and no others, except such as shall be duly qualified accord- ing to law, for carrying on the coasting or fishing trade, shall be deemed vessels of the United States, and en- titled to the benefits and privileges appertaining to such vessels; but no such vessel shall enjoy such benefits d privileges longer than it shall continue to be wholly owned by acitizen or citizens or a corporation of the United States and to be commanded by a citizen of the United States. And all officers of vessels of the United States shall in all cases be citizens of the United States. The word ‘officers’ shall include the chief en- gineer and assistant engineers on vessels propelled wholly or in part by steam, and no person shall be qualified to become an officer of a merchant vessel of the United States who is not anative-born citizen or whose naturalization asa citizen shall not have been fully completed. ‘“‘All licenses issued to officers of steam vessels shall be graded in accordance with the laws governing the steam vessel inspection service, and no licenses for a higher grade shall be issued except upon written applica- tion by the holder of a license, which application shall not be granted unless the applicant shall have success- fully passed an examination before a regularly author- ized board of examiners, as to his qualifications to be an officer of the advanced grade, nor until such applicant shall have served under his existing license at least 12 months prior to his application for advancement; and no license shall be suspended or revoked except upon Supervising Inspector General. * THE MARINE RECORD. eS a eel charges duly preferred in writing, verified and ac- knowledged before an officer authorized to administer an oath, and sustained by the Supervising Inspector General after an investigation of the charges, in which the accused shall be allowed counsel, and may testify to his own behalf; and in no case shall the accused be deprived of his license until a charge of incompetency or unfitness against him shall be sustained by the i * “Every license issued shall be for a term of five years, but the holder of a license may have the same renew for another five years at any time before its ex- Piration.= 47 “In time of war or other emergency any person who shall accept a license as engineer of a steam vessel shall be subject to temporarary draft into the navy of the United States to act as engineer under such regula- tions as may be established by the Secretary of the Navy; and while serving in the naval service of the United States such person shall be entitled to receive the same pay and emoluments as an officer of the navy of the same grade performing similar duties.” The law as it stands at present allows licenses to be issued to persons who have merely declared their inten- tion to become citizens of the United States. The bill seems to curtail the present jurisdiction of local in- spectors, who have now authority to take cognizance themselves of acts which indicate incompetence or un- fitness. rr oe — AN OLD RELIABLE HOUSE. (SEE ILLUSTRATION.) There are few establishments better known to the LITERARY NOTICES. i Cassier’s Magazine for January is a greatly enlarged number, devoted almost exclusively to the subject of electricity of which treats in all its phases. The con- tents are as follows:‘‘Municipal Light from Underground Mains,”’ by E. J. Houston, Ph. D., and A. E. Kennelly, Sc. D.; “GasEngines for Electric Light and Power,”’ Nelson W. Perry, E. M; ‘‘When it is Advantageous to Use Water Power and Electric Transmission,’’ Charles BE. Emery, Ph. D.; ‘‘Coalless Cities‘ Prof. Francis B. Crocker; ‘‘The Induction Motor,” Dr. Louis Bell; ‘‘Elec- tricity for Propelling Railroad Trains at Very High — Speeds,” Hiram S, Maxim; “Blectric Pumping Machinery,’ Charles A. Hague; ‘“‘A Letter to Benja- min Franklin,’ Park Benjamin; ‘““The Direct Produc- tion of Electrical Energy,’’ Dr. Louis Duncan; ‘‘Elec- trically Operated Factories,” R. E. B. Crompton; ‘‘Elec- tric Power in Canada,” J. S. Robertson; ‘‘Electricity in 1895,” T. Commerford Martin. Each of these papers is accompanied with a full page portrait of the author. The frontispiece is a portrait of Benjamin Franklin, and another authentic picture of him accompanies Mr. Benjamin’s article, which is full of interest. The Arena for January has just made its appear- ance, with the usual store of good things. Among its best articles are a symposium on government control of the telegraph, by Lyman Abbott, D. D., Postmaster General Wilson, and Prof. Frank Parsons. Dr. John Clark Redpath writes an initial paper on ‘‘The Bond and the Dollar.’”’ Celia Baldwin Whitehead and Estelle Bach- man Brokaw discuss the single tax, and Frances E. Russell comes in with “‘A Few Notes in Reply.’”’ *‘A Univer- sal Ratio” is a paper by Robert Stein, illustrated with portraits of leading -American and Kuropean bi- metalists. The January installment- of personal recollections of the great poets comprises a few latter day notes on Walt Whitman, by Horace LL. Traubel, and a glimpse of Long- fellow, by Rev. Minot J. Savage. Literary numbers, papers on occult- ism and book reviews complete the issue. The anniversary number of the Iron Trade Review is a very attractive magazine, containing, withcut en- croaching upon the space regularly given to current news, an illustrated article upon the iron works of the Mahoning Valley with a page of por- traits of blast furnace and mill ‘owners of this region. Another page contains portraits of representativse of the machinery manufacturing INTERIOR RUSSELL & WATSON’S STORE, BUFFALO. shipping men on the lakes that of Russell & Watson, 139- 141 Main street, the successors to Felthousen & Russell in the sale of ship lanterns and ranges, and other mar- ine hardware. Mr. Russell, father of: the present mem- ber of that namein the firm, spent several years experi- menting with lenses which should increase the power of ships’ lights, and which would give the proper tints to the side lights. He had more or less trouble in getting glass which suited his ideas as to the requirements of a starboard light until he visited the manufacturers in person. While walking through one of these establish- ments, Mr. Russell found a piece of colored glass: lying on the floor, and picking it up held it between himse!f and a gas burnerin agloomy corner. The glass was blue, but the yellow light shining through it gave the rich green tint he wanted, and which shows up so well in proportion tothe red light that this tint is the most popular on the lakes. Heat once placed his order for lenses of this tint, and the firm has ever since been most successful in their sail. The ranges in which this firm deal are especially adapted for cooking in rough weather. They also carry the Stamford tug and yacht galley stoves. Both members of the firm are comparatively young men, and their pleasant, straight-forward manner of dealing always retains their trade. The accompany- ing illustration shows the interior of their well-arranged store, firms of the United States, aud a num- ber of special illustrated articles on live subjects complete the number. The Duluth Tribune has just issued a very elaborate industrial number, which give a thorough idea of the importance of Duluth from a commercial and manufac- turing standpoint. Itis well iilustrated, both in the work and in the selection of its subjects. The number is enclosed in a handsome colored cover. The january issue of the Central Magazine, Cleve- land’s thriving infant, is the best number that has yet appeared, and every article is full of interest. Antranig Azhderian, an Armenian, writes of life in Asia Minor, dwelling chiefly on interest domestic life. The paper is well illustrated, and thoroughly instructive. ‘Manual Training in the Public Schools,” in which branch of edu- cation Cleveland stands so high, is treated of by Lewis C. McLouth,: **Civic Morals in Education’’ is another valuable paper, by Judge Henry Clay White, and the literary features are of high grade, The American Shipbuilder announces the publication, within the coming week, of Howell’s Steam Vessels and Marine Engires,’’ being descriptions and illustrations of some of the principal shipping built in the United States during the past five year&S, Also a number of portraits of men prominently connected with the marine interests. + 0 The Calumet & Hecla company has sold 10,000,000 pounds of copper at ten cents for January delivery.