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10 THE MARINE RECORD. H. C. BURRELL, Marine Reporter. WHEELER & COMPANY, BUILDERS OF ALL KINDS OF Boat on the river at all hours, Iron, Steel, ana night and day. * Wooden Ships Signal: 1 long 2 short. FOR LAKE OR OCEAN SERVICE. Our boats are white. We'll treat you white and deal with you on the square. OFFICE: FOOT WOODWARD AVENUE, DETROIT, MICH. West Bay City, Mich. aa H. T. WICKES, VY. P. C. W. STIVER, Sec’y. F. W. WHEELER, Pres. J. S. PORTER, Treas. RON TIA Iron Works. MARINE ENGINES. DETROIT, MICH. WM. WILFORD’S* 5 MATCHLESS WATER-PROOF CANVAS The best in the fone ah hatch . covets, is stronger, ter, and more gy.durable than any water-proof goods yet produced. It is made of a twist- ed thread of pure flax, which renders it very strong. It will not crack like cotton goods, which is a great advan- tage See ee Ue Ue Ue EF ee Ue Ue EDWARD A. BUNKER, Room 617 27 and 29 William St., New York. “Honest John” \ ill ii ih \ il J }) HYDRAULIC RAINBOW CORE PACKING. Patented and Manufactured Exclusively by @7” FOR Water and Hydraulics, NOTHING IN THE WORLD LIKE IT. PEERLESS RUBBER [INFG. CO. i6 Warren Street, NEW YORK. 16=24 Woodward Ave., DETROIT, MICH. 193=195 Bank St., CLEVELAND, O. 202-210 S. Water St., CHICAGO, ILL. CORRESPONDENCE. AMPLITUDES AND AZIMUTHS. Editor Marine Record: There is a property in the change of the sun’s direction or azimuth, morning and evening, during our season of navigation that is not generally known, but which is, nevertheless, of the first importance to our lake gators, ard that is— When the sun is north of the equator, i. e., from March 20 to September 20, the change in his direction with re- gard to azimuth, from sunrise, up to, and about one-half hour after the time of his crossing the Prime Vertical, or due east point, is uniform, and may be taken, for the en- tire area of the lake region, at one degree in six minutes of time, thus making his direction known at any moment during the above mentioned time, provided we know his amplitude, i. e., his direction at sunrise. Strictly this rate is about one-fourth of a minute slower in the southern part of the lake area, and about the same amount faster in the northern part; but this cannot Fesult in any appreciable error with our compasses that are not graduated lower than single degrees. This property of uniform change of azimuth on any par- allel prevails north of parallel about 40° to the limits of navigation, the rate increasing slightly with the latitude, though, as above remarked, remaining constant for the same parallel, thus making this property available to the navigators of the Atlantic coast, where, with a standard time established and available in every port, apparent time is also available—whenceAzimuth is there available within the limits of time above mentioned, with the same facility as on the lakes, thus bringing the navigation of our At- lantic coast within the easy reach of a class of men who cannot navigate the sea for want of technical training. A little description will show the great advantage this property gives over a simple amplitude. Suppose that on or about the middle of April, when the navi- sun’s declination is such as to give an amplitude of 15°, how long will this amplitude be available? Multiply the amplitude by the rate, we have: 15° X6’'=90’—1% hours to the time when the suni is on the P. V., or due east, and we have half an hour after— that is we have two full hours instead of the proverbial 10 minutes immediately at sunrise, during which we know the direction of the sun at any minute, for we know that for every six minutes he goes to the right one degree, af- ter which the rate begins to increase, till near noon it may be one degree in two minutes of time, or less. Again: Suppose that some time near the middle of June, when the sun has an amplitude of say 23 degrees, then, as before, we have: 23° X6'=138'—2h 18m, making more than 2% hours, during which the. amplitude is available for direction, thus showing that for six months of the season of lake navigation we have an average of about 2% hours on every morning of bright weather, during which time we may have the direction of the sun by simply observing the time, by watch, of sunrise, nor is it important that we know the error of our watch on local time, or any other time, but merely that it runs at the proper rate, thus bring- ing within the easy reach of anyambitioussixteen-year-old school lad the complete mastery of the one problem that suffices for the safe navigation of the lakes, the finding of compass errors, and what shipmaster will now show him- self too tame to master this problem? The equipments required to. utilize an amplitude are a good watch, an almanac that gives the sun’s amplitude and equation of time, and a dumb compass—all simple ap- pliances, but, except the first, too little known on the lakes; and the outlook for a betterment in this condition of things is not good till we can get a new head in the supervising inspector general’s office in Washington, D. C. In addition to noting the time by watch of sunrise, we are smart enough to know the error of our watch on stand- ard time, we then can deduce local apparent time, and thus avail ourselves of the same amount of time in afternoon of each bright day, thus having about five hours a day from a single amplitude, for swinging ship for compass errors or for adjusting compasses, thus adding vastly to the facilities afforded by the ten or fifteem minutes at sun- rise, and bringing into use the most simple and elementary method of finding direction. H. C. PEARSONS. oe or or VISIBLE SUPPLY OF GRAIN As compiled for The Marine Record by George F. Stone, Secret ry Chicago Board of Trade, Citizs WHERE WHEAT, | CORN. Oats, Rye. |Baruey, STORED. Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels.; Bushels. | Bushels, oN ie ae eg coe Cen ce De ae i} AlDAMY ioe screens NR 30,000 905000 1 fo A ee ee Baltimore........... | 477.000 | 2,496,000 149.000 81,0003) See BoOstOD.; o2-scccs tees 215,000 839,000 LTB -QOD.| wen: gs =< <'s saan Buffaloes. sities 474 000 102 000 36 000 69.000} 411.000 « RHOM ia ee tee 113,000 $1! 0008) 5 ccc cigcul-cs yeoman Chica ge:. oo. sizes ss. 9,364,000 | 7,560,000 | 5 745.000 “ik 223 000 159,000 i afloat 177,000 822,000 490,000 122 000} 28... i. Gincin nat ssc. 6k: Bea nalpentay ae 110,000 1,000 22,000 Detroit:. sree ees 261,000 79 000 9,000 36,000 9-000 ag OH Oats ser Fy cleans dlpeemciecon rae eeubee jist a at Duluth and Superior) 7,205,000 | 52,000 | 2,125,000 899,000 | 1,332,000 i afloat....... 15099; 000 5) cc. ccasrdivn downy inceds beusbeu onl een ipdlans pale xs 92,000 58 000 Be QO0 |. oes eee Kansas City . 203,000 | 163,000/ 82-000!) 5,000 |... 12... Milwaukee .. 218,000 3,000 11,000 458 000 68,000 oh afloats: 2 oS ave ea Oe re ree an 95 000 Minneapolis. . 13,738,000 92.000 752 000 37.000 97 000 Montreal...... .| 686,000 21 000 843 000 74,000 53,000 New York..... 913.000 | 3,387,000 | 1,504,000 238,000 109 000 ee afloat...... TOU 000 3) ices oe ool in arn cee ements 22 000 Oswego. tis eet 60007 eee SY: 8/0004 522s ee 35,000 PeOrlar cts: Gein tony 22,000 64 000 35,000 9,000 10,000 Philadelphia........ 158,000 | 1.600,000 800005}: e348 Soe ae St Louise: 0.2348 5% 421,000 783,000 91,000 16,000 | 12,000 sf MTOM eal tains cas TG; 000s bx circ hocdcaeemtoen Cae eee Poleago tar keee. 850,000 | 1,485,000 39,000 | 94,000 | Seater ee BAO AE. een a hana token gate eats Paeees amore | aera NOrontO:;s.4: se 154,006 |....0...... 68,0005}. 85. et 42,000 OnCanall chsh i suliea cam ns eanustasnes | eae he eae On Uakess 56.) ae 321,000 | 3 917,000 | 1,144,000 268, 000 | 817,000 On Mississippi ......| 4,000 262,000 60,000.) <<a isis de ben nena | ponte — en a Grand Total..... 36,979, 000 /24,103 000 |13,657,000 | 3,630,000 | 3,293,000 Ce ne Date | Te 9G: sass Bad cies 58,483,000 |17,170,000 | 9,481,000 | 1,518,000 | 1,087,000 | | |