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May 23, Igor. THE MARINE RECORD. ESET THE YACHT CONSTITUTION. (From the Scientific American.) The considerable lightening of the hull of Constitution, (which be it remembered, has been accompanied by a de- cided gain in strength) has been secured by a radical change in the method of framing. The usual system in yacht con- struction is to use shallow transverse frames, a few inches in depth, at intervals of 20 to 22 inches, throughout the whole length of the yacht. This is the system adopted in Independence. It is this framing that holds the hull to form, by resisting the transverse bending and crushing stresses; while the longitudinal stresses are taken up by the plating, assisted by two or four lines of stringers, as the case may be, by far the greater part of the longitudinal strains, however, falling upon the plating itself. Hence the latter must be made of greater weight than is actually necessary to enable it to act as the mere skin clothing of the frames. Herres- hoff’s innovation consists in running the framing of the yachts in both directions, using deep belt frames of an I-beam section for the transverse system of framing, and associat- ing them with a system of longitudinal T-bar and angle-iron framing, which serves at once to take up a large proportion of the longitudinal strains which ordinarily fall upon the plating, and so enables the weight of this plating to be very materially reduced, The transverse belt frames and the longitudinal framing are so arranged with regard to the width and lengths of the plating that the butt joints meet upon the frames, and the seams follow the longitudinal T- irons, thus doing away altogether with the weight of the washers and liners necessitated in riveting up a boat built in the conventional way. Judged from an engineering standpoint, this is a far more scientific distribution of the material to meet the special strains to which the hull of a yacht is subjected, particularly in a seaway. Just how great is the saving in weight is shown by the fact that although the superficial area of the Tobin bronze plating on Constitution is greater than the superficial area of the bronze on In- dependence, the sheer strake in the latter being of steel, the total weight of the bronze plating actually laid on the Boston boat is a fraction under 30 tons, while the total weight of the plating in Constitution is slightly under 22 tons. Moreover, it must be remembered that this difference of 8 tons may be put into the keel without calling for a. pound more of displacement, or the increase of a single square foot of wetted surface. Thisis a clear gain due to good engineering ; and surely the yacht designer who would dare to use 6-32-inch plating on the topsides of a 90 footer is entitled to all the gain in power and speed that are coming to him. Just here it may be well to state, that no little of the credit of these successful results is due to that remark- able material Tobin bronze (the invention of a United States naval officer whose name it bears) which has come to be looked upon as an indispensable material for the plating of our American cup defenders. Notonly does it take on a wonderfully smooth polish, but it preserves it indefinitely; while it has the further invaluable quality of showing a tensile strength inthe test specimens that is only a few pounds under 40 tons to the square inch. a_i I. BovER’s Sons, 90 Water Street, New York, are getting out drawings for two boilers to go into a yacht of 200 feet in length thatis to make 25 knots an hour. Each of these boilers will have 67 square feet of grate area and 3,100 square feet of heating surface; weight of boiler, 28,725 lbs.; weight of water, 5,400 lbs. 5.F.HOD SUNS’S AMPLITUDES. The following approximate amplitudes of the Sun’s rising or setting will be given each week inthis column during the season of navigation. A second bearing may be taken by compass at sunset, by reversing the east bearing given for the nearest latitude, as the change in declination fora few hours makes but a slight difference in the true, bearing of the Sun’s setting. The bearing may be taken when the Sun’s center is on the horizon, rising or setting. The ele- ments which may be obtained by taking these amplitudes are the quantities known as local attraction, variation and deviation, or the total difference between compass and true, or geographical bearings. LAKE ERIE AND S. END LAKE MICHIGAN, LAT. 42° N, Date. Amplitude. Bearing P’ts. Bearing Comp. Mayes Riese HE. 28° N. = N. 5% HE. =N. E.. by E. % E. May 26.0.6. EB. 29° N. = N. 5% E =N.E by. &% E. May 3007. 00 H, 20° N. = N. 5% E.=N.E. by E. Y E. LAKE ONTARIO, S. END HURON AND CENTRAL PORTION LAKE MICHIGAN, LAT. 44° N. Date Amplitude. Bearing P’ts. Bearing Comp. May23.0.0 6 5s5. EK. 29° N. = N. 5% EH. =N. E. by E. % E. May 26........ E. 30°N =N.5% E.=N.E by E. ¥% E. May230e. sce. E. 31° N. =N.5%E.=N.E. by E. % E. N. END LAKES HURON AND MICHIGAN, LAT. 46° N. Date. Amplitude. Bearing P’ts. Bearing Comp. May. O53) ic E. 30° N. = N. 5% -E. =N.-E. by E. & EB. Way) 26.305. 00 5. E. 31° N. =N.5% HE. =N.E. by E. % E. May. 308 804 EB. 32° N. =N.5% EH. =N.E. by E. &% E. LAKE SUPERIOR, LAT. 48° N. Date Amplitude. Bearing P’ts. Bearing Comp. May23 cco as EH. 31° N. = N. 5% KE. =N.E. by.E. % E. May:263. sic, EK. 32° N. = N. 5% E.=N.E. by E. &% E. May 30ers BH. 34° N.=N.5 E.=N.E. by E. With a compass correct magnetic, the difference between the observed and true bearing or amplitude will be the vari- ation for the locality. Should there be any deviation on the course the vessel is heading at the time of taking the bear- ing, the difference between the observed and the true ampli- tude after the variation is applied will be the amount of de- viation on that course If the correct magnetic bearing is to the right of the compass bearing, the deviation is easterly, if to the left, the deviation is westerly. : ps ee THE ALGOMA STEEL CO. The Ontario Gazette announces the incorporation of the Algoma Steel Co., with a capital of $20,000,000, and head offices at Sault Ste. Marie. This is the new enterprise which has been talked of for some time. In addition to the manufacture of iron, steel and nickel and their products for all purposes, the company is authorized to manufacture charcoal and coke and to deal in wood and its products, and to construct and acquire vessels. The provisional directors are: EH. V. Douglas, W. K. Stager, J. S. Freeman, of Phila- delphia; F. H. Clergue and H. C. Hamilton, Sault Ste. Marie. EE NOTICE TO MARINERS. LIGHT-HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT. OFFICE OF THE LIGHT-HOUSE INSPECTOR,IITH DISTRICT, DETROIT, MICH. OUTER ISLAND LIGHT STATION, WISCONSIN. Notice is hereby given that the revolving apparatus of the Outer Island Light, Lake Superior, Wis., is running irregu- larly and the characteristic of the light, viz: flashing every go seconds, can not be depended upon. Notice will be given when the usual characteristic of the light can be depended upon. By order of the Light-House Board. J. C. Wirson, Commander, U.S.N, Inspector 11th District. GE &Co TREASURY DECISIONS RELATING TO SHIPPING. : NAMES OF VESSELS. ‘ Collectors of customs should discourage the giving of names to vessels which are unduly long, or difficult to spell or to pronounce, TREASURY DEPARTMENT, BUREAU OF NAVIGATION, WASHINGTON, D. C., May 13, 1901. Sir: I transmit herewith a copy of a letter dated the 1oth instant, from J. B. Bates & Co., by J. Perry Bates, fora change in the name of the schooner Captain George W. Naghtin to Berwyn. The vessel’s rig has been altered and the owners state that the present name is so long and hard to understand and to pronounce that it is desirable it should be changed to a name more simple. Under the circumstances, the Bureau will consider an ap- plication for the change forwarded through your office and accompanied by the evidence provided for in articles 3 and 4, regulations of 1869, and the decision therein cited. Collectors of customs should discourage, in the first in- stance, the giving of long and undesirable names to vessels. Mr. Bates has been referred to you. Respectfully, E. T. CHAMBERLAIN, Commissioner. Collector of Customs, Chicago, II1. APPRENTICES. The act of March 3, 1891, requires the carrying of one appren- tice, such as is therein described, for each 1,000 tons, etc., on vessels enjoying the benefit of the act. TREASURY DEPARTMENT, BUREAU OF NAVIGATION, WASHINGTON, D. C., May 13, Igor. f SIR: This office is in receipt of your letter dated the 22d ultimo, submitting an inquiry as follows: Will cadets or apprentices having complied with the act of March 3, 1891, in all particulars, and wishing to re-ship in the same steamship or in one of the steamships belonging to the same company after reaching the age of 21 years, be in compliance with the law? The act provides that said vessels shall take as cadets or apprentices one American-born boy under 21 years for each I,c0o tons gross register and one for each majority fraction thereof. The Post-Office Department under date of the oth instant stated : That it might be implied that it was the intent of Con- gress that cadets or apprentices should remain in the service long enough to meet the requirements of the act, to-wit, to educate them in the duties of seamanship, hence, might re- ship after reaching the age of 21 years. And, also, that the law seems to be mandatory as to the number of cadets or apprentices under 21 years of age to be carried on each steamship, regardless of the number over 21 years of age that may be completing their education on th same steamship. ae Please be governed accordingly. Respectfully, E. T. CHAMBERLAIN, Commissioner, United States Shipping Commissione., San Francisco, Cal. wot B09 ne THE NEW BAUSCH é LOMB-ZEISS STERE Binocular Glasses. Used by the Armies and Navies of the World. he Invaluable for Tourists, |} Sportsmen and Every-day |} Use. Booklet Free. zt Bausch é Lomb Optical Co., }# Rochester, N. Y. , New York. hicago. For sale by all dealers. MARINE ENGINES, PROPELLER WHEELS, DECK HOISTERS, MARINE REPAIRS. @ 312 ATWATER STREET, DETROIT, MICH. : THE—_> a | "ally, E SS= Bliss compass LIQUID grit Made in seven sizes by JOHN BLISS & CO., 128 Front Street, New York, is finely finished sensitive, accurate and durable. and is extremely steady. pass ever made in this or any country. For sale by ship chandlers generally. Moves quickly Is the best Liquid Com-