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6 HISTORY OF LAKE NAVIGATION. BY J. W. ef Written for the Marine Record. v CHAPTER LXXXV. j STEAM ENGINES IN THE DEEP. Were such a thing possible a comfortable fortune might be realized in the recovery of / the vast number of engines now lying sub- i merged at the bottom of the northern lakes and rivers. The number lost with side- ; wheel steamers aggregute seventy-nine. Of this number twenty-seven lie at the bottom ‘ of Lake Erie, sixteen in Lake Huron, fifteen : in Lake Michigan, eight in Lake Superior, HALL, ' Niagara Falls, count: Following is a revised ac- LOST IN LAKE ERIE, Washington, high pressure, lost on Long Point in 1888. Washington, No. 2, high pressure, de- : stroyed by tire off Ashtabula,in 1838. ' «Erie, low pressure, by fire, off Silver Creek, 4 in 1841, Robert Fulton,high pressure,was wrecked at Point Sturgeon in 1844, : «Kent, high pressure, lost by collision off Rond Bau in 1845. » Chesapeake, low pressure, lost by collision / off Ashtabula, in 1847, : 4Indian Queen, high pressure,was wrecked at Dunkirk in 1846. eHelen Strong, high pressure, was wrecked at. Barcelona in 1847, e Columbus, high pressure, was wrecked at Dunkirk in 1848, + DeWitt Clinton,high pressure, was wrecked at Dunkirk in 1851. eG. P. Griffith, high pressure, lost by fire, off Chagrin in 1850. ; » Wisconsin, low pressure, was wrecked near West Sister in 1852, , St. Louis, low pressure, near Kelley’s Island in 1852. ¢ Atlantic, low pressure, lost by collision off Long Point in 1852. . Southerner, high pressure, was lost near Conneaut in 1853, e Mayflower, low pressure, was wrecked at Point au Pellee in 1854. ; ®Alabama, low pressure, was sunk near ey Buffalo in 1854. i » Saratoga, high preseure, near Port Burwell in 1854. America, high pressure, was wrecked near Dunkirk in 1854. Wave, high pressure, was wrecked near Port Maitland in 1851. @ Caspian, low pressure, was wrecked at Cleveland in 1852. “® Dove} low pressure, was wrecked at Long Point in 1855. : e Golden Gate, high pressure, was wrecked near Erie in 1856. # Northern Indiana, low pressure, was lost by tire at the head of Lake Erie in’ 1856. eBay City, low pressure, was wrecked at the clay banks in 1862. *#Telegraph, low pressure, was lost by col- ision in mid-iake in 1859, isiana, low pressure, was wrecked at Burwell in 1857. seit Morning Star, low pressure, was lost by Ilisiun in mid lake, in 1868. : ‘LOST IN LAKE MICHIGAN. sPioneer, high pressure, was wrecked on he east shore in 1834, a saa ena was wrecked near Chicago in ; ; : elaware, high pressure, was wrecked | oe r Chicago in 1836. @W. F. P. Taylor, bigh pressure, was wrecked on the east shore in 1842. Champlain, low pressure, was wrecked on fhe east shore in 1849. -»A. D. Patehin, high pressure, was wrecked on Skillagalee in 1850, eGeneral Harrison, high pressure, was wrecked near Chicago in 1854. Baltimore, high pressure, was wrecked at Sheboygan in 1855. *Sevastapol, high pressure, was wrecked near Milwaukee in 1855. « Niagara, low pressure, destroyed by fire, off Port Washington in 1856. ‘ » Lady Elgin, low pressure, was lost by collision, off Port Washington in 1860, _ © Minnesota, high pressure, was wrecked on Summer island in 1861. * Seabird, low preseure, was destoyed by fire off Waukesha in 1868. « Milwaukee, low pressure, was wrecked near Grand Haven in 1868. ' « Alpena, low pressure, foundered, in LOST IN LAKE HURON, » Don Quixote, high pressure, lost off Lex- ington in 1836. ‘ e Detroit, low pressure, lost by collision in Saginaw Bay in 1854, Ben Franklin, high pressure, was wrecked at Thunder Bay:in 1850. ~New Orleans, high pressure, was wrecked at Thunder Bay in 1853. »Albany, low pressure, was wrecked at Presque Isle in 1853. @ Garden City, low pressure, was wrecked near Detour in 1854, ¢ Northerner, low pressure, was sunk by collision off Lakeport in 1856. ; Oxford, high pressure, was wrecked near Sangeen in 1857. Troy, high pressure, was sunk off Gode- rich in 1860. . » Keystone State, low preesure, foundered in Saginaw Bay in 1861. : eKalloolah, low pressure, was wrecked near Saugeen in 1862, : Columbia, high pressure, sunk in mid- lake in 1866. . , « Bonnie Boat, low pressure, was wrecked at Kineardine in 1869. was wrecked was wrecked 1880. Georgian Bay in 1879. Marine City, low pressure, destroyed fire in Saginaw Bay in 1880. LOST IN LAKE ONTARIO, Sir Robert Pee), was destroyed by fire at Johnson island in 1838, : i seven in Lake Ontario, and one went over | 18 *Waubuno, low pressure, foundered in 1864 Mhe Marine Revond. Jack Downing, sunk in mid-lake in 1835. Queen Victoria,sunk near Niagara in 1851. George Clinton, sunk in mid-lake in 1851, Ocean Wave was burned in mid-lake in 1853. George Moffat was wreeked in mid-lake in 1864. Abyssinian was burned in mid-lake in 1873, LOST IN LAKE SUPERIOR. »Julia Palmer, low pressure, lost in Two Heart river in 1847, wArctic, low pressure, wrecked at Huron island in 1860. «Cleveland, low pressure, was wrecked at Two Heart river in 1864, ®Sunbeam, low pressure, foundered in 1863. »Siperior, high pressure, was wrecked in 56. * Traveler, low pressure, was wrecked at Eagle Harbor in 1865. @Gazelle, low pressure, lost at Eagle Har- bor in 1860. eCumberland, low pressure, lost at Isle Royal in 1877. LOST IN LAKE ST, CLAIR. General Scott, high pressure, was sunk by ive in 1848. LOST IN NIAGARA RIVER, » Caroline, low pressure, was figed and sunk in 1837. LOST IN DETROIT RIVER. e Monisstunk, low pressure, was sunk by collision near Malden in 1839, General Vance, high pressure, lost by ex- plosion, opposite Detroit, in 1844. E. K. Collins, low pressure, was destroyed by fire, near Detroit, in 1854. ef. F. Parks, low pressure, was lost by fire, opposite Detroit, in 1870. The loss of propeller engines is as fol- lows: Emigrant was wrecked at Avon Point, Lake Erie in 1845, Phoenix was burned off Sheboygan in 1847. Goliah was destroyed by fire in Lake Huron in 1848. Henry Clay was lost near Long Point, Lake Erie, in 1851. Monticello was wrecked on Lake Superior in 1851. Vandalia (British), sunk by collision in Lake Erie in 1851. Oswego was sunk by collision’ in Lake Erie in 1852. Samson was wrecked in Lake Hrie, near Buffalo, in 1852. Oneida foundered in Lake Erie, off Ash- tabula in 1852. Peninsula was wrecked in Lake Huron, st Thunder Bay, in 1853. Princeton was sunk in Lake Erie, off Bar- celona, in 1854, Boston was sunk by collision in Lake On- tario, in 1854. Busephalus foundered in Saginaw Bay in H. A. Kent caught fire and sunk off Gravelly Bay in 1854. Westmoreland was wrecked at Sleeping Bear in 1854. , Charter Oak foundered in Lake Brie in 1855, Delaware foundered in Lake Michigan off Sheboygan in 1855. Rosaiter was wrecked in mid-lake in 1855. 1878 J. W. Brooks foundered in Lake Ontaffo in 1856. Brunswick in 1856. Fintry exploded in Lake Erie in 1856. Toledo foundered off Port Washington in 856, : Ottawa was sunk by collision in Lake On- tario in 1856. ’ B. L. Webb was destroyed by fire at Waiska Bay, Lake Superior, in 1856, Louisville was destroyed by fire near Chi- cago in 1857. : St. Nicholas was wrecked at Sleeping Bear in 1857, ; City of Superior was lost at Copper harbor, Lake Superior, in 1857. Indiana was sunk in Lake Superior in 1858. Lady of the Lake exploded in Lake Erie in 1859, Manhattan was lost at Grand Marias, Lake Superior, in 1859, . Ohio exploded in Lake Erie in 1859. Oriental was lost at Skillagalee at 1859. Troy foundered oft Point au Barque in 1859. ' Milwaukee was lost by collision in the Straits in 1859, Mt. Vernon was lost by explosion in Point au Pellee passage in 1860. Cataract was lost by fire in Lake Erie in 1861. , Jersey City was wrecked on Long Point in 1860. Dacotah was wrecked on Sturgeon Point, Lake Erie, in 1860. . California was wrecked on Qull island, Lake Erie in 1862. Pocahontas was wrecked on Long Point, Lake Erie, in 1862. General Taylor was wrecked at Sleeptng Bear, Lake Michigan, in 1862. Banshee was wrecked in Lake Ontario in foundered in Lake Michigan 862. Bay State foundered in Lake Ontario in | 1862. B. F, Bruce was destroyed by fire near Port Stanley in 1862. Maria sunk in Lake Ontario in 1862, Charles Mears sunk by collision in Luke Michigan in 1862. Vermont was lost by collision in Lake Ernie in 1863. Water Witch foundered in Saginaw Bay in 1863. Amity was wrecked on Long Point in Scotia was sunk by collision in Lake Erie in 1864 Ogdensburg was lost in Lake Erie by col- lision in 1864, 5 Pewabic was sunk in Lake Huron by col- lision in 1864. ‘ship twelve years old completely, covered Illinois was lost by collision at Point au Pellee in 1865. Ranger was wrecked near Port Stanley in 1866. Wisconsin was burned in Lake Ontario in 1867. Portsmouth was wrecked at Middle island, Lake Huron, in 1867. Congress was wrecked at Thunder Bay, Lake Huron, in 1868. Hippocampus foundered in Lake Michi- gan in 1868. Forest Queen was wrecked by ice off Clay banks, Lake Erie, in 1869, Colonist sunk in Lake Huron in 1869. Belle was destroyed by fire oft Port Wush- ington, Lake Michigan, in 1869, ‘Tonawanda toundered in Lake Erie in 1870. Wabash was lost by collision in Luke Huron in 1870, J. Barber was destroyed by fire in Lake Michigan in 1871. Free State was wrecked on Graham shoals, Lake Michigan, in 1871. R. G. Coburn foundered in Lake Huron in 1871. Galena was wrecked at Thunder Bay in 1872. Lac la Belle foundered in Lake Michigan in 1872, Union was wrecked in Lake Superior in 1873. Young America was wrecked Ontario in 1878. Eclipse was wrecked at Avon Point, Lake Erie, in 1873. Tronsides foundered in Lake Michigan in 1873. City of Detroit foundered in Lake Huron in 1878. in Lake Sun sprung aleak in Lake Erie in 1874. Brooklyn was lost by an explosion in De- troit river in 1874. Comet was sunk by collision in Lake Su- perior in 1875. Equinox foundered in Lake Michigan in 1875, ° toe foundered in Lake Michigan in 1875. Phil Sheridan was lost:by fire in Lake Erie in 1875. Persian was lost by fire in Lake Erie in 1875. Acme sprung aleak off Dunkirk in 1876. New York foundered in Lake Huron in 1876. Ontonagon was wrecked off Claybanks, Lake Erie in 1876. Tioga was wrecked at Point au Pellee island, Lake Erie, in 1877. Trader foundered in Lake Michigan in 1880. Zealand foundered in Lake Ontario in 1880. Su§ive foundered in Georgian Bay in 1880, Asia foundered in Georgian Bay in 1882. Picton was wrecked in Lake Erie in 1882. R. G. Peters was destroyed by fire in Lake Michigan in 1882. St, Albans was lost by ice in Lake Michi- gan in 1881, ; are foundered in Lake Michigan in 1881. Lake Erie was lost by collision in Lake Michigan in 1881. Brunswick was lost in Lake Erie by col- lision in 1881. Middlesex was destroyed by fire in Lake Superior in 1881. \ . Java sprung aleak in Lake Michigan in ‘The foregoing is as complete as can be ar- rived at from the records, to the close of navigation 1880, making the number of engines of steamers and propellers,irrecover. cably lost on the lakes, at a rough esti- mate, at eight million dollars. THE PRESERVATION OF SHIPS. For many years after vessels were first IRON built of iron it was supposed that the chief wexr would tuke place in the parts below water. The outer surface of the bottom plating was thought to be particularly liable to wasting by oxidation, and special meas- ures were adopted for preventing corrosion by the use of paints and compositions. But it was found that whatever’ might be the risks of wasting by corrosion to which the outer surface was expose¢, the inside sur- face was far more troublesome, especially on the flat of the bottom, between the deep floors, where there is a continual wash of | bilge water with, every movement. ‘his fluid consists of condensed moisture from the cargo, mixed with drainage trom the latter ; and decomposed organic matter, such as grain, etc., is almost always of an acid character, and its effect upon the iron or steel is supplemented by the mechanical action of rabbish which has been permitted to get into the limbers, Hence it was very soon found that the inner surface of the bottom plating, as high as the turn of the bilge, must be protected from the action of such influences as these. ‘At first a coating of pitch was employed for the purpose, Asphalt was next tried, but by common consent Portland cement was ultimately adopted as the best pre-ervative of this part of the vessel. There is still, however, a lack of agreement in regard to the paints and compositions best suited for preventing touling and corrosion on the outer surface. Some shipowners pin their faith to one spe- cifie and some to another, but it is very doubtful whether anything yet tried can be depended upon to Keep a ship’s bottom fairly elean during twelve wonths. Corrosion has, however, been reduced toa minimum, so that it is not unusual to find the bottom of a with an enamel like coating, formed of many layers of paint applied during that time. But all ships are not alike, ‘the recently added paint in many cases being merely a covering to a thick incrustation of rust, and sometimes of cavernous accumulations of rust and water, the presence of which can be discovered only by the aid of a chipping | removed from iron or steel plating, and the surface is quite dry, it is of no use to apply | paint or any composition for preventing cor- rosion. By bearing this in mind, and acting upon if, the bottom of an iron or steel ship may prove the most durable part of ber. Indeed, upon drilling holes at different parts of the plating of old iron ships, it is eum- monly found that the loss of substance in | the bottow is much less than at the top sides, and very often no depreciation atallin thick- ness can be discovered between the upper part of the bilges and the keel. In a properly cemented and frequently coated iron or steel ship there will be little or no danger of the outer plating wasting by corrosion on its outside surface, except in the region of the water line, and-at that part the tendency may be minimized by carefully removing the rust formed dur- ing each voyage and painting the surface. [t is upon the inside surface of the plating, above the height to which cement is laid, that the wasting by corrosion chiefly takes. place, and itis the top sides of an old iron ship that first come under serious repair and renewal. When the ship arrives in port and the cargo is discharged, this matter should be at once looked to, and if cleaning. and repainting are found to be necessary,. they should be carried out at once. When: the paint is put on, too often it is laid upon. the rust, and so. might just as well have been. kept in the paint store. But steamers are exposed to sources of deterioration from which sailing ships must necessarily be exempt. Inaecessibility is. the neighborhood of the machinery and to: the interior of ballast tanks and cellular that attention which is needed to the por- tion of the hull below the working parts of the machinery, and in most vessels it is difficult to look after the framing below the boilers. The renewal of boilers is always attended with the necessity for repairs to the boiler seatings and the adjacent frame- work of the vessel. But such wear and tear is local in its character, and may be made good at acomparatively small cost. ‘The in- teriors of ballast tanks and cellular bottoms are, of course, examined at all periodical in- spections, but corrosion of the floors and longitudinal girders cannot be prevented, seeing that the double bottom space is frequently filled’ with water, and always damp. [f the cement on the inside of the plating and frames is kept in a good con- dition, that isas much as ‘can be done to preserve that part of a steamer from decay, The corrosion which goes on in tie coal bunkers, due to the presence of sulphur in the coal, and frequently of moisture also, is a serious source of mischief; but it may be minimized, and indeed reduced to very small proportions, by frequent cleaning and painting, taking care never to apply the paint to either damp or rusty surface. When- ever a steamer reaches a home port after a foreign voyage of several months’ duration, the state of the bunkers should be examined, and if necessary, the remainder of the coals should be removed, in order that the iron- work may be properly dealt with, One valuable fact in relation to the durability of iron and steel ships has for some years past been well understood by most shipowners, viz. the necessity for avoiding all wood or other linings on the inside surface of these ships above the cement level. Even in poops and forecastles all coverings to the frames and plating should be avoided. Nowhere does eurrosion linings where moisture can collect without Exposure, accessibility, and frequent clean- ing and painting is necessary for the preser- vation of iron and steel surtaces. Whenever a surface of iron cannot be got at, agin the case of iron deck plating, stringers, tie plates, etc,, below a wood deck, moisture must be carefully excluded, and this ean be done only by properly attending to the calking. If the wood work isearefally fitted in the first instance, and bedded upon thick red lead paint, alsoif the bolts be tightly driven, and their nuts serewed upon grum- mets and washers. then, by keeping the plating may be ensured.—London Engineer. oe il ne net LIABILITY OF THE PASSPORT. The Richelieu Navigation Company will lose heavily by the sinking of the steamboat Passport at the entrance of the Cornwal) canal, Several effurts have been made to raise her without success, however. A heavily by their bagzage getting destroyed, for which claims have been made on the company, Some were settled, but oth refusea to accept the amounts tendered. Among the largest losers were Mr. W. of jewelers of Ellis & Company, of ‘ who had trunks containing jewe' nd watches valued at upward of $40,000; he Misses 8, Greene, A. Butters.: ters, all traveling together-from Niagara Falls with a handsome collection of new clothing, dresses, etc., state their aggregate loss to be about $1,000; Miss Wright, of New York, and Miss Hadrille, of Montreal, say $600; Mrs, and Miss Kirkwood, $500, Mr. and Mrs. G. D. Wood, of Winnipeg, who were on their wedding trip, lose a great number of handsome presents and expen- sive wardrobe, valued at upward of $700. have suffered great losses through to new dresses and ornaments, — Id the proposed attempt to raise the sunken £ 1, lieu steamer Passport prove success will probably be taken to Sorel tire upper portion rebuilt, her fi newed, ete. The propeller Nipigon h Harbottle by Captain hammer, Unless oxidation is thoroughly " Kingston. — one of these, and it applies partieularly to- bottoms. It is practically impossible to give- proceed at a more rapid rate than behind — a sufficient current of air to evaporate it. — deck seams tight, the durability of the deck ~ large number of the passengers suffered — Dixon, representative of the wholesale firm — d J. But. Mr. Dowe and wife, of Toronto, and Mrs. — and Miss Kirkwood, the latter particularly,